DHAMMA-KAKKA-PPAVATTANA-SUTTA
The Foundation of the Kingdom of Righteousness
5. ‘Now[1] this, O Bhikkhus, is the noble truth concerning suffering.
‘Birth is attended with pain[2], decay is painful, disease is painful, death is painful. Union with the unpleasant is painful, painful is separation from the pleasant; and any craving that is unsatisfied, that too is painful. In brief, the five aggregates which spring from attachment (the conditions of individuality and their cause)[3] are painful.
‘This then, O Bhikkhus, is the noble truth concerning suffering.
6. ‘Now this, O Bhikkhus, is the noble truth concerning the origin of suffering.
‘Verily, it is that thirst (or craving), causing the renewal of existence, accompanied by sensual delight, seeking satisfaction now here, now there–that is to say, the craving for the gratification of the passions, or the craving for (a future) life, or the craving for success (in this present life)[4].
‘This then, O Bhikkhus, is the noble truth concerning the origin of suffering.
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[1. On the following ‘four truths’ compare Dhammapada, verse 191, and Mahâ-parinibbâna Sutta II, 2, 3, and IV, 7, 8.
2. Or ‘is painful.’
3. Pañk‘ upâdânakkhandhâ. On the Khandhâ, or the material and mental aggregates which go to make up an individual, see my ‘Buddhism,’ Chap. III. Upâdâna, or ‘grasping’ is their source, and the uprooting of this upâdâna from the mind is Arahatship.
One might express the central thought of this First Noble Truth. in the language of the nineteenth century by saying that pain results from existence as an individual. It is the struggle to maintain one’s individuality which produces pain–a most pregnant and far-reaching suggestion. See for a fuller exposition the Fortnightly Review for December, 1879.
4. ‘The lust of the flesh, the lust of the eye, and the pride of life’ {footnote p. 149} correspond very exactly to the first and third of these three tanhâs. ‘The lust of the flesh, the lust of life, and the pride of life,’ or ‘the lust of the flesh, the lust of life, and the love of this present world,’ would be not inadequate renderings of all three.
The last two are in Pâli bhava-tanhâ and vibhava-tanhâ, on which Childers, on the authority of Vigesinha, says: ‘The former applies to the sassata-ditthi, and means a desire for an eternity of existence; the latter applies to the ukkheda-ditthi, and means a desire for annihilation in the very first (the present) form of existence.’ Sassata-ditthi may be called the ‘everlasting life heresy,’ and ukkheda-ditthi the ‘let-us-eat-and-drink-for-to-morrow-we-die heresy.’ These two heresies, thus implicitly condemned, have very close analogies to theism and materialism.
Spence Hardy says (‘Manual of Buddhism,’ p. 496): ‘Bhawa-tanhâ signifies the pertinacious love of existence induced by the supposition that transmigratory existence is not only eternal, but felicitous and desirable. Wibhawa-tanhâ is the love of the present life, under the notion that existence will cease therewith, and that there is to be no future state.’
Vibhava in Sanskrit means, 1. development; 2. might, majesty, prosperity; and 3. property: but the technical Buddhist sense, as will be seen from the above, is something more than this.]
Dhamma-Kakka-Ppavattana Sutta: Foundation of the Kingdon of Righteousness
Translated from Pâli by T. W. Rhys Davids [1881]